Tsunami is a Japanese word that translates as 'harbour wave'. Tsunami are usually associated with earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and landslides, which can cause a sudden movement of the water column in the ocean, and create fast-moving waves. A tsunami is a series of waves, and can cause inundation and destruction when it hits land.
","thumb":"/media/4123/page2-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4123/page2-background.jpg","style":{"width":"189px","background-color":"rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75)","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"}},{"type":"video","title":"Earth's Structure","text":"Our planet is made of many layers, like an onion. On the outside is the hard crust sitting on top of the mantle. On the inside is the solid core, which is surrounded by the liquid outer core.
","videoId":"tkbafG93FR8","thumb":"/media/4124/page3-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4124/page3-background.jpg","style":{"color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"}},{"type":"image","title":"Plate Boundaries","text":"Earth's crust is divided into several pieces called tectonic plates, which are about 20 km thick. They are constantly moving towards, away from or past each other.
","thumb":"/media/4125/page4-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4125/page4-background.jpg","style":{"width":"250px","color":"rgba(45, 45, 48, 1)"}},{"type":"video","title":"Earthquakes","text":"An earthquake occurs as a result of a sudden release of stress in Earth's crust caused by plate movements. Seismic waves created by this energy make rocks in the crust break and move. During an earthquake the ground may shake and sometimes move permanently.
","videoId":"NmXZxo5oKR8","thumb":"/media/4126/page5-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4126/page5-background.jpg","style":{"width":"190px","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"}},{"type":"video","title":"Measuring Earthquakes","text":"Earthquakes produce seismic waves that travel through Earth. The size (or magnitude) of an earthquake is measured by devices called seismometers, which record movement of the ground, including seismic waves. Earthquakes greater than magnitude 6.5 can potentially cause a tsunami.
","videoId":"zbNTQCQF6Ww","thumb":"/media/4127/page6-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4127/page6-background.jpg","style":{"width":"190px","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"}},{"type":"video","title":"Subduction","text":"Subduction occurs on Earth's crust where two tectonic plates meet. When one plate moves under the other plate it sinks into the mantle and forces the other plate upwards causing an earthquake. Typically, large tsunami waves are created by underwater earthquakes that occur along subduction zones.
","videoId":"WHJovhGg61o","thumb":"/media/4128/page7-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4128/page7-background.jpg","style":{"width":"190px","background-color":"rgba(45, 45, 48, 1)","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"}},{"type":"image","title":"How Earthquakes Feel","text":"Have you ever wondered how an earthquake feels? These spheres show the relative energy of earthquake magnitudes 4 to 10. The release of energy from an earthquake increases by 32 for every unit of magnitude. Examples of actual events are also shown.
","thumb":"/media/4129/page8-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4129/page8-background.jpg","style":{"width":"350px","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"},"pStyle":{"width":"300px"}},{"type":"slideshow","title":"Tectonic Activity","text":null,"thumb":"/media/4134/page9-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4134/page9-background.jpg","slides":[{"type":"image","title":"Tectonic Activity","text":"Earthquakes, volcanoes and tsunami events mostly occur along the fault lines at the edges of Earth's tectonic plates.
","thumb":"/media/4134/page9-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4134/page9-background.jpg","style":{"width":"250px","color":"rgba(72, 72, 74, 1)"}},{"type":"image","title":"Earthquakes","text":"Significant earthquakes from 2000 BC to the present day.
","thumb":"/media/4131/page9-1_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4131/page9-1.jpg","style":{"width":"250px","color":"rgba(72, 72, 74, 1)"}},{"type":"image","title":"Volcanoes","text":"Significant volcanoes from 8000 BC to the present day.
","thumb":"/media/4132/page9-2_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4132/page9-2.jpg","style":{"width":"250px","color":"rgba(72, 72, 74, 1)"}},{"type":"image","title":"Tsunami Events","text":"Significant tsunami events from 2000 BC to the present day.
","thumb":"/media/4133/page9-3_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4133/page9-3.jpg","style":{"width":"250px","color":"rgba(72, 72, 74, 1)"}}]},{"type":"image","title":"Ring of Fire","text":"Around the Pacific Ocean is a region called the Ring of Fire. The edges of the tectonic plates interact to form highly active seismic belts. The ring contains about 90 per cent of the world's volcanoes, and most of the world's tsunami events originate in the area.
","thumb":"/media/4110/page10-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4110/page10-background.jpg","style":{"background-color":"rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75)","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"}},{"type":"video","title":"2011 World Earthquakes","text":"In 2011, there were more than 9,300 earthquakes of magnitude 4.5 or higher. A large series of earthquakes preceded and followed the M9.0 earthquake that caused the Japanese tsunami on 11 March. This video shows the location of each of these earthquakes, and the yellow line (at the bottom left) keeps count of the quakes.
","videoId":"Dfu34LkaAZc","thumb":"/media/4111/page11-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4111/page11-background.jpg","style":{"background-color":"rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5)","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"}},{"type":"image","title":"Tsunami Causes","text":"Most tsunami waves are started by earthquakes, usually on the ocean floor. Other causes include landslides, volcanic eruptions, weather events and meteors hitting Earth. Scientists do not know the cause of about 10 per cent of all tsunami events.
","thumb":"/media/4112/page12-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4112/page12-background.jpg","style":{"width":"250px","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"}},{"type":"image","title":"Tsunami Sources","text":"Most tsunami events occur in the Pacific and Indian oceans.
","thumb":"/media/4113/page13-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4113/page13-background.jpg","style":{"color":"rgba(72, 72, 74, 1)"}},{"type":"video","title":"Undersea Earthquakes","text":"An earthquake on the ocean floor can result in a sudden rise or fall of Earth's crust. This movement can cause the water above to rise or fall, creating tsunami waves.
","videoId":"s5qYXK_UA3I","thumb":"/media/4114/page14-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4114/page14-background.jpg","style":{"width":"350px","color":"rgba(72, 72, 74, 1)"}},{"type":"video","title":"Landslides","text":"An undersea landslide, or one that happens on land and moves into the ocean, can disturb the overlying water and create a tsunami. Landslides are produced when slopes become unstable and fail because of gravity. Australia's east coast could experience a tsunami generated from a landslide on its continental shelf, which is the world's steepest.
","videoId":"DvSgZT3H0Ww","thumb":"/media/4115/page15-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4115/page15-background.jpg","style":{"width":"340px","color":"rgba(45, 45, 48, 1)"}},{"type":"video","title":"Volcanic Activity","text":"The collapse of a coastal or underwater volcano can cause a landslide leading to a tsunami. Underwater eruptions where hot magma and cold sea water meet can create a steam explosion resulting in a tsunami.
","videoId":"2hMa6Wp0dxQ","thumb":"/media/4116/page16-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4116/page16-background.jpg","style":{"width":"350px","color":"rgba(72, 72, 74, 1)"}},{"type":"image","title":"Likely Tsunami Risk Zones","text":"Subduction zones are often the source of earthquakes that create tsunami. The waves can travel thousands of kilometres across the ocean.
","thumb":"/media/4117/page17-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4117/page17-background.jpg","style":{"width":"400px","color":"rgba(72, 72, 74, 1)"},"pStyle":{"width":"350px"}},{"type":"video","title":"Tsunami and Wind Waves","text":"Tsunami waves move an entire column of water from the ocean floor to its surface and can be hundreds of kilometres apart. Waves generated by wind only move across the surface of the ocean and are usually just a few metres apart.
","videoId":"0KtFj4oxoFs","thumb":"/media/4118/page18-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4118/page18-background.jpg","style":{"color":"rgba(45, 45, 48, 1)"}},{"type":"video","title":"Tsunami in Motion","text":"From their point of origin, tsunami waves travel in many directions. As the waves move through the ocean they change shape and direction when they encounter land and variations in the sea floor. This video shows the generation of the 2011 Japanese tsunami and its waves in motion.
","videoId":"nglyTVs6z1Q","thumb":"/media/4119/page19-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4119/page19-background.jpg","style":{"width":"300px","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"}},{"type":"image","title":"Tsunami Travel Time","text":"In the open ocean, tsunami waves can travel as fast as a jet plane (640-960 km per hour). Tsunami waves can travel thousands of kilometres from their point of origin, affecting large areas of ocean. This map shows how rapidly (in hours) waves from the 2011 Japanese tsunami spread across the Pacific Ocean.
","thumb":"/media/4120/page20-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4120/page20-background.jpg","style":{"width":"190px","background-color":"rgba(72, 72, 74, 1)","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"}},{"type":"credits","title":"Credits","text":null,"thumb":"/media/4122/credits_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4122/credits.jpg"}]},{"id":"2","title":"Australian Tsunami Impacts","subtitle":"CHAPTER TWO","pages":[{"type":"title","title":"Australian Tsunami Impacts","text":null,"thumb":"/media/4138/title-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4138/title-background.jpg"},{"type":"video","title":"Australian Tsunami Threats","text":"Australia will most likely experience the effects of marine threat tsunami, which include dangerous rips, waves and strong currents. Land threat tsunami are rare but extremely hazardous and can cause inundation in low-lying coastal regions.
","videoId":"xduR3H4iJuI","thumb":"/media/4140/page2-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4140/page2-background.jpg","style":{"width":"300px","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"},"pStyle":{"width":"239px"}},{"type":"video","title":"Risk Zones","text":"Australia is susceptible to seismically generated tsunami events from the north-west and east where 8000 km of tectonic plate boundaries contain particularly active subduction zones. They're capable of generating a tsunami that could reach the mainland in 2 to 4 hours.
","videoId":"DPx5MShGwyI","thumb":"/media/4141/page3-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4141/page3-background.jpg","style":{"color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"}},{"type":"image","title":"Australian Plate Margins","text":"The Australian plate is moving north-east at the rate of about 8 cm per year, colliding with the Sunda and Pacific plates. The boundaries where these plates meet are part of the highly active Ring of Fire.
","thumb":"/media/4142/page4-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4142/page4-background.jpg","style":{"width":"205px","background-color":"rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75)","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"}},{"type":"image","title":"Subduction Zones","text":"The subduction zones shown in yellow have the potential to generate a tsunami that could impact on mainland Australia and its offshore territories. Australia can also be affected by tsunami events triggered by earthquakes from places as far away as Chile.
","thumb":"/media/4143/page5-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4143/page5-background.jpg","style":{"background-color":"rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75)","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"}},{"type":"video","title":"Tsunami Models","text":"Scientists create computer models that calculate the height and direction of tsunami waves generated by potential undersea earthquakes of different sizes in high-risk areas. They use the models to determine the possible tsunami threat to Australia when an actual undersea earthquake is detected.
","videoId":"01PaQopIdfc","thumb":"/media/4144/page6-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4144/page6-background.jpg","style":{"background-color":"rgba(72, 72, 74, 1)","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"}},{"type":"video","title":"Tsunami Travel Time","text":"Australia is located in the middle of a continental plate away from the subduction zones that are common sources of earthquakes that can generate tsunami. The fastest time for tsunami waves to reach the Australian mainland would be around 2 hours.
","videoId":"wbrDwWvaaxY","thumb":"/media/4145/page7-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4145/page7-background.jpg","style":{"background-color":"rgba(72, 72, 74, 1)","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"}},{"type":"image","title":"Tsunami Speed","text":"This map shows the travel time (in hours) to Australia for tsunami waves created from undersea earthquakes close to Australia. The earthquake rupture locations are shown as yellow dots. The map shows that tsunami waves would take at least 2 hours to reach the Australian mainland or Tasmania. The shortest tsunami travel time to Australia is from the Puysegur Trench, south of New Zealand, and the Java Trench, north-west of Australia.
","thumb":"/media/4146/page8-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4146/page8-background.jpg","style":{"background-color":"rgba(72, 72, 74, 1)","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"}},{"type":"video","title":"Tsunami in Australia","text":"There have been more than 50 recorded tsunami events on the Australian coastline since European settlement. That's about one tsunami every four years.
","videoId":"jHqn5DnfLCk","thumb":"/media/4135/page9-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4135/page9-background.jpg","style":{"background-color":"rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5)","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"}},{"type":"image","title":"Steep Point Tsunami","text":"On 17 July 2006, a M7.7 earthquake off Java, Indonesia, generated a tsunami that affected Christmas Island near the epicentre before it hit parts of Western Australia, particularly Steep Point on the central west coast. It quickly flowed inland 200 m and 8 m above mean sea level. There was widespread erosion, extensive vegetation damage and several campsites were destroyed. Campers at Steep Point were lucky to escape when the tsunami inundated their campsite, picked up their four-wheel drive vehicle and moved in 10 m up the beach.
","thumb":"/media/4136/page10-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4136/page10-background.jpg","style":{"color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"}},{"type":"image","title":"Significant Tsunami Events","text":"","thumb":"/media/4137/page11-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4137/page11-background.jpg","style":{"width":"500px","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"}},{"type":"credits","title":"Credits","text":null,"thumb":"/media/4139/credits_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4139/credits.jpg"}]},{"id":"3","title":"Warning System","subtitle":"CHAPTER THREE","pages":[{"type":"title","title":"Warning System","text":null,"thumb":"/media/4151/title-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4151/title-background.jpg"},{"type":"image","title":"Australian Tsunami Warning System","text":"The system is a national collaboration between the Bureau of Meteorology, Geoscience Australia and the Attorney-General's Department. It delivers a comprehensive tsunami detection and warning system as well as timely and effective tsunami warnings. At the heart of the system is the Joint Australian Tsunami Warning Centre, which liaises with federal and state bodies, such as emergency services, as well as the media. The centre is also a key player in the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System.
","thumb":"/media/4153/page2-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4153/page2-background.jpg","style":{"width":"300px","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"}},{"type":"video","title":"Joint Australian Tsunami Warning Centre","text":"The centre is the core of the Australian Tsunami Warning System. It is operated by the Bureau of Meteorology in Melbourne and Geoscience Australia in Canberra, which are continuously connected via data and video links. The centre provides continual tsunami monitoring, analysis and warnings for Australia.
","videoId":"773ZdujboOs","thumb":"/media/4154/page3-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4154/page3-background.jpg","style":{"width":"375px","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"},"pStyle":{"width":"260px"}},{"type":"image","title":"When There's a Tsunami...","text":"Geoscience Australia detects an earthquake. If it could create a tsunami, they inform the Bureau of Meteorology, which assesses the threat using tsunami wave models. Within 30 minutes of an earthquake, the Joint Australian Tsunami Warning Centre issues a national watch or no threat bulletin depending on the threat assessment. The centre advises federal and state bodies, such as emergency services. The Bureau monitors the tsunami detection network to verify whether a tsunami has been generated. If one is confirmed, it then issues a tsunami warning.
","thumb":"/media/4155/page4-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4155/page4-background.jpg","style":{"width":"209px","color":"rgba(72, 72, 74, 1)"}},{"type":"image","title":"An Earthquake is Detected","text":"Expert scientists at Geoscience Australia monitor a network of seismometers to detect earthquakes. If they are alerted to a seismic event, such as an undersea earthquake, that could possibly cause a tsunami, Geoscience Australia immediately reports the event to the Bureau of Meteorology, which starts the process to determine the potential tsunami threat.
","thumb":"/media/4156/page5-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4156/page5-background.jpg","style":{"width":"220px","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"}},{"type":"image","title":"Seismic Monitoring Network","text":"Australian scientists access data from seismometers from across the globe.
","thumb":"/media/4157/page6-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4157/page6-background.jpg","style":{"width":"450px","color":"rgba(72, 72, 74, 1)"},"pStyle":{"width":"310px"}},{"type":"image","title":"Scientists Review Data","text":"The team at the Bureau of Meteorology assess the information from Geoscience Australia to determine whether a tsunami may have been generated by the seismic event.
","thumb":"/media/4158/page7-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4158/page7-background.jpg","style":{"color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"}},{"type":"image","title":"Tsunami Models","text":"The Bureau of Meteorology uses sophisticated computer models to predict the height, speed and direction of tsunami waves that may have been generated by the seismic event.
","thumb":"/media/4159/page8-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4159/page8-background.jpg","style":{"width":"250px","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"}},{"type":"image","title":"Watch or No Threat","text":"Using the tsunami wave models, the Bureau of Meteorology determines whether the tsunami has the potential to have a serious impact. If that is the case, the Joint Australian Tsunami Warning Centre will issue a tsunami watch bulletin. A map, similar to the one shown here, will be posted on the centre's website: www.bom.gov.au/tsunami.
","thumb":"/media/4160/page9-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4160/page9-background.jpg","style":{"color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"}},{"type":"image","title":"Liaise with Partners","text":"Once a tsunami watch has been issued, the Joint Australian Tsunami Warning Centre informs partners in the Australian Tsunami Warning System. The partners include state emergency services and the Australian Government Crisis Coordination Centre. The partners remain in constant communication with each other and work closely together to ensure they monitor the situation and communicate effectively with the public and the media.
","thumb":"/media/4161/page10-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4161/page10-background.jpg","style":{"background-color":"rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75)","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"}},{"type":"image","title":"Tsunami Monitoring Network","text":"During a tsunami event, the Joint Australian Tsunami Warning Centre continuously obtains sea level information from a network of deep-ocean tsunami detection stations (or buoys) and coastal sea level monitoring stations. The deep-ocean stations measure tsunami waves in the open ocean and the coastal stations detect sea level changes close to shore.
","thumb":"/media/4162/page11-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4162/page11-background.jpg","style":{"color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"}},{"type":"image","title":"Deep-ocean Stations","text":"Scientists use a global network of deep-ocean tsunami detection stations, also known as tsunameters, to monitor tsunami wave propagation.
","thumb":"/media/4163/page12-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4163/page12-background.jpg","style":{"width":"400px","color":"rgba(72, 72, 74, 1)"},"pStyle":{"width":"250px"}},{"type":"video","title":"Buoys in Action","text":"Deep-ocean tsunami detection stations include a buoy on the surface and a pressure sensor many kilometres below on the ocean floor. The station is capable of detecting tsunami waves with an accuracy of a few millimetres.
","videoId":"gfIIKBz5HEg","thumb":"/media/4164/page13-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4164/page13-background.jpg","style":{"width":"250px","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"},"pStyle":{"width":"200px"}},{"type":"image","title":"Coastal Stations","text":"Scientists access a world-wide network of coastal sea level monitoring stations, also known as tide gauges, to monitor changes in sea level to confirm the arrival of a tsunami.
","thumb":"/media/4165/page14-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4165/page14-background.jpg","style":{"width":"260px","color":"rgba(72, 72, 74, 1)"}},{"type":"image","title":"Upgrade Watch to Warning","text":"The Joint Australian Tsunami Warning Centre uses data from the monitoring stations to verify whether a tsunami has been generated. If a tsunami is confirmed, it then revises the initial watch bulletin and issues a tsunami warning. This map shows a land threat warning for Christmas Island and a marine threat warning for the Cocos Islands and parts of Western Australia.
","thumb":"/media/4166/page15-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4166/page15-background.jpg","style":{"width":"229px","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"}},{"type":"image","title":"Warning Levels","text":"NO THREAT: An undersea earthquake has been detected but it has not generated a tsunami or it is a small tsunami that poses no threat.
\r\nWATCH: A threat may exist, watch for updates.
\r\nMARINE WARNING: Warning of potentially dangerous waves, strong ocean currents and the possibility of localised overflow onto the immediate foreshore.
\r\nLAND WARNING: Warning for low-lying coastal areas of major land inundation, flooding, dangerous waves and strong ocean currents.
\r\nCANCELLATION: The tsunami threat is over.
","thumb":"/media/4167/page16-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4167/page16-background.jpg","style":{"width":"229px","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"}},{"type":"image","title":"Warning Cancellation","text":"When a tsunami does not eventuate or the threat has passed, the Joint Australian Tsunami Warning Centre will issue a cancellation bulletin. However, if a major tsunami has occurred and then passed, you should only return to the affected area when an 'all clear' message is issued by the local emergency authority.
","thumb":"/media/4147/page17-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4147/page17-background.jpg","style":{"width":"229px","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"}},{"type":"video","title":"International Cooperation","text":"The UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) is responsible for coordinating international efforts in tsunami warning and mitigation. There are four international tsunami warning systems covering the the Pacific Ocean; the Indian Ocean; the Caribbean; and the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea.
","videoId":"417c_1LOegU","thumb":"/media/4148/page18-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4148/page18-background.jpg","style":{"background-color":"rgba(72, 72, 74, 1)","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"}},{"type":"image","title":"International Warning Systems","text":"Australia is part of the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean tsunami warning systems. The Joint Australian Tsunami Warning Centre is the national authority for Australia, and it is also one of three international centres to provide tsunami threat information to the Indian Ocean's 28 national warning centres.
","thumb":"/media/4149/page19-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4149/page19-background.jpg","style":{"width":"500px","color":"rgba(72, 72, 74, 1)"},"pStyle":{"width":"330px"}},{"type":"video","title":"Ausnami 2012","text":"In 2012, the Australian Tsunami Warning System held a training exercise named Ausnami 2012 to test the system's preparedness, delivery and response to a hypothetical tsunami affecting Australia. Training exercises are essential for the Joint Australian Tsunami Warning Centre and its partners to ensure the system works smoothly when there is a real tsunami.
","videoId":"eqWGUm_h_iE","thumb":"/media/4150/page20-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4150/page20-background.jpg","style":{"background-color":"rgba(72, 72, 74, 1)","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"}},{"type":"credits","title":"Credits","text":null,"thumb":"/media/4152/credits_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4152/credits.jpg"}]},{"id":"4","title":"Marine Threat Tsunami","subtitle":"CHAPTER FOUR","pages":[{"type":"title","title":"Marine Threat Tsunami - Title","text":null,"thumb":"/media/4171/title-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4171/title-background.jpg"},{"type":"video","title":"Marine Threat Tsunami","text":"Marine threat tsunami can generate dangerous rips, waves and strong currents that pose a risk to surfers, swimmers, people in small boats and anyone else in the water. There may be some localised flooding onto the immediate foreshore. In Australia, warnings for marine threat tsunami are more common than warnings for land threat tsunami.
","videoId":"QzBUmkojRvY","thumb":"/media/4173/page2-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4173/page2-background.jpg","style":{"width":"375px","color":"rgba(72, 72, 74, 1)"},"pStyle":{"width":"195px"}},{"type":"image","title":"Marine Threat Tsunami Case Study","text":"","thumb":"/media/4174/page3-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4174/page3-background.jpg","style":{"width":"800px","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"}},{"type":"timeline","title":"Anatomy of the 2010 Hawaii Marine Threat Tsunami","text":null,"thumb":"/media/4175/page4-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4175/page4-background.jpg","slides":{"top":[{"type":"video","title":"Tsunami Generation","text":"The 2010 Chile tsunami was generated by a M8.8 earthquake about 115 km north north-east of Concepcion, Chile. It struck at 03:34 (3:34 am) local time. This video shows the energy of the 450-km rupture of the earthquake as it travels north for the duration of 2 minutes.
","videoId":"Se1xza8gfAU","thumb":"/media/4176/page5-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4176/page5-background.jpg","style":{"width":"225px","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"},"icon":"/media/4189/timeline1a.jpg","iconStyle":{"width":"122px"}},{"type":"image","title":"Tsunami Warnings","text":"The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC) in Hawaii provided tsunami threat advice and estimated tsunami arrival times for national authorities in Pacific Ocean countries to issue warnings to their communities. The initial threat advice was limited to Chile and Peru, but later it was expanded to the whole Pacific Ocean. PTWC is the warning authority for Hawaii, and it issued a marine threat warning for Hawaii. If there is a tsunami threat, always refer to the Joint Australian Tsunami Warning Centre. It is the authority for tsunami warnings for Australian and its offshore territories.
","thumb":"/media/4178/page7-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4178/page7-background.jpg","style":{"width":"300px","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"},"pStyle":{"width":"250px"},"icon":"/media/4191/timeline1c.jpg","iconStyle":{"width":"98px"}},{"type":"image","title":"Measuring the Waves","text":"Coastal sea level monitoring stations recorded the wave amplitude (height above or below sea level) at several locations around Hawaii. These records show the observed measurements (in black) and the forecast (in red). The wave measurements varied across the Hawaiian Islands, and the waves reached almost 1 m at Kahului Harbor.
","thumb":"/media/4180/page9-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4180/page9-background.jpg","style":{"width":"195px","background-color":"rgba(72, 72, 74, 1)","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"},"icon":"/media/4193/timeline1e.jpg","iconStyle":{"width":"125px"}},{"type":"image","title":"Tsunami Travel Time","text":"The first waves arrived at Valparaiso, Chile (approximately 330 km north-east of the earthquake epicentre), about 34 minutes after the earthquake. Around 15 hours later, the tsunami arrived in the Hawaiian Islands, and about 23 hours after the initial quake, the waves hit Japan. This map shows how quickly (in hours) the tsunami travelled across the Pacific Ocean.
","thumb":"/media/4182/page11-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4182/page11-background.jpg","style":{"width":"190px","background-color":"rgba(72, 72, 74, 1)","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"},"icon":"/media/4195/timeline1g.jpg","iconStyle":{"width":"136px"}},{"type":"video","title":"Tsunami Impact","text":"The tsunami created dangerous rips and currents in the ocean and also surges and flooding in some inland rivers.
","videoId":"AINH-GQHKr4","thumb":"/media/4184/page13-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4184/page13-background.jpg","style":{"width":"250px","color":"rgba(72, 72, 74, 1)"},"pStyle":{"width":"160px"},"icon":"/media/4196/timeline1h.jpg","iconStyle":{"width":"215px"}},{"type":"video","title":"Eyewitness Account","text":"The Mayor of Hawaii County, Billy Kenoi, gives a first-hand account of the tsunami event in Hilo.
","videoId":"6YEDJqU31no","thumb":"/media/4186/page15-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4186/page15-background.jpg","style":{"width":"190px","background-color":"rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75)","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"},"icon":"/media/4169/timeline1k.jpg","iconStyle":{"width":"154px"}}],"bottom":[{"type":"image","title":"Measuring the Earthquake","text":"The earthquake that triggered the tsunami was determined to be M8.8. Seismometers across the globe captured the earthquake's vibrations, as this image shows. In 1960, the same region in southern Chile experienced the largest earthquake ever recorded when a M9.5 quake struck on 22 May.
","thumb":"/media/4177/page6-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4177/page6-background.jpg","style":{"width":"215px","background-color":"rgba(72, 72, 74, 1)","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"},"icon":"/media/4190/timeline1b.jpg","iconStyle":{"width":"120px"}},{"type":"video","title":"Tsunami Propagation","text":"The earthquake triggered a destructive tsunami that hit the nearby Chilean coastline. It also spread across the Pacific Ocean. This video simulation shows how the waves moved as they encountered land and undersea features, and how far they travelled.
","videoId":"iWt4wCTw4JQ","thumb":"/media/4179/page8-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4179/page8-background.jpg","style":{"width":"350px","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"},"pStyle":{"width":"290px"},"icon":"/media/4192/timeline1d.jpg","iconStyle":{"width":"170px"}},{"type":"image","title":"Wave Height","text":"This map shows the forecast tsunami wave height and direction in the open ocean. The tsunami waves were at their highest just offshore from the coast of Chile. As the tsunami propagated in a north-westerly direction into the Pacific Ocean, the wave height decreased. Hawaii was spared the worst of the tsunami's power. Wave heights in the open ocean (seen here) do not always reflect what happens when a tsunami reaches the shore. Wave height can vary greatly depending on the shape of the coastline and the characteristics of the sea floor.
","thumb":"/media/4181/page10-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4181/page10-background.jpg","style":{"width":"250px","color":"rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"},"pStyle":{"width":"190px"},"icon":"/media/4194/timeline1f.jpg","iconStyle":{"width":"122px"}},{"type":"video","title":"Emergency System in Action","text":"The emergency services alerted the public to move away from the foreshore and closed some roads that have access to coastal areas. Boats in marinas, harbours and estuaries were alerted to return to shore. Vessels already at sea were advised to stay offshore until further notice. Emergency services remained in place until the tsunami event was over.
","videoId":"OonfwWeXk6Q","thumb":"/media/4183/page12-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4183/page12-background.jpg","style":{"width":"190px","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"},"icon":"/media/4197/timeline1i.jpg","iconStyle":{"width":"190px"}},{"type":"video","title":"News Reports","text":"Based on the information supplied by the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center and the emergency services, the Hawaiian media issued reports and updates about the tsunami threat.
","videoId":"n7f-qY3MUiI","thumb":"/media/4185/page14-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4185/page14-background.jpg","style":{"width":"250px","color":"rgba(72, 72, 74, 1)"},"pStyle":{"width":"195px"},"icon":"/media/4168/timeline1j.jpg","iconStyle":{"width":"103px"}},{"type":"video","title":"Lessons Learnt","text":"An overview of the event highlights the importance of community education and preparedness in the face of tsunami threats. In Chile and Hawaii, the public had been educated about the signs of tsunami and what to do in a tsunami event. Evacuation zones and routes are marked with signs. This strong public awareness helped to reduce the loss of life in Chile, and to ensure that there were no deaths in Hawaii.
","videoId":"wpxHxI9vQXQ","thumb":"/media/4187/page16-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4187/page16-background.jpg","style":{"width":"250px","color":"rgba(72, 72, 74, 1)"},"pStyle":{"width":"205px"},"icon":"/media/4170/timeline1l.jpg","iconStyle":{"width":"143px"}}]}},{"type":"video","title":"Marine Threat Tsunami Warning","text":"If there is a marine threat tsunami warning, get out of the water immediately and move away from the water's edge. The dangerous rips and currents could drag you out to sea. Boats in harbours should return to shore. Secure your boat and move away from the waterfront. Boats at sea should stay offshore in deep water. Once you're in a safer location, monitor the radio, TV or internet for information. Don't return to the water until you receive official advice that it is safe to do so.
","videoId":"ZKqqPhqCMRE","thumb":"/media/4188/page17-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4188/page17-background.jpg","style":{"width":"255px","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"}},{"type":"credits","title":"Credits","text":null,"thumb":"/media/4172/credits_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4172/credits.jpg"}]},{"id":"5","title":"Land Threat Tsunami","subtitle":"CHAPTER FIVE","pages":[{"type":"title","title":"Land Threat Tsunami - Title","text":null,"thumb":"/media/4200/title-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4200/title-background.jpg"},{"type":"video","title":"Land Threat Tsunami","text":"A land threat tsunami can cause major land inundation, flooding to low-lying coastal areas, dangerous waves and strong ocean currents. Tsunami that present a land threat are much less frequent than marine threat tsunami. However, when they do occur they are extremely dangerous.
","videoId":"OljTvtvN98E","thumb":"/media/4202/page2-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4202/page2-background.jpg","style":{"width":"350px","color":"rgba(72, 72, 74, 1)"},"pStyle":{"width":"300px"}},{"type":"image","title":"Tsunami Affecting Australia","text":"Many devastating events, such as the 2011 Japanese tsunami, affected Australia in the marine environment only. However, there have been a few instances, such as the 1994 and 2006 Java tsunami events, that caused land inundation in low-lying coastal areas. Australia has experienced tsunami in the past and will do so in the future. Some will be very dangerous and could cause land inundation.
\r\nThis chart highlights a number of significant tsunami events that have impacted Australia since 1960.
","thumb":"/media/4203/page3-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4203/page3-background.jpg","style":{"width":"190px","background-color":"rgba(72, 72, 74, 1)","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"}},{"type":"image","title":"Land Threat Tsunami Case Study","text":"","thumb":"/media/4204/page4-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4204/page4-background.jpg","style":{"width":"800px","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"}},{"type":"timeline","title":"Anatomy of the 2011 Japan Land Threat Tsunami","text":null,"thumb":"/media/4205/page5-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4205/page5-background.jpg","slides":{"top":[{"type":"video","title":"Tsunami Generation","text":"The tsunami was generated by a M9.0 undersea subduction zone megathrust earthquake (where one plate slips under another plate causing the plates to move rapidly) located 130 km east of Sendai, Honshu. It struck at 2:46 pm (Japan Standard Time) on 11 March 2011. This video shows the energy of the rupture of the earthquake as it travels over an area of approximately 300 km.
","videoId":"x9cokZft7oQ","thumb":"/media/4206/page6-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4206/page6-background.jpg","style":{"background-color":"rgba(45, 45, 48, 1)","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"},"icon":"/media/4218/timeline2a.jpg","iconStyle":{"width":"133px"}},{"type":"video","title":"Land Displacement","text":"The earthquake moved Honshu about 4 m to the east and parts of the Japanese coastline dropped vertically by 0.68 m. Scientists reported that the earthquake shifted Earth on its axis by estimates of 10-25 cm. This animation shows the horizontal land displacement in blue and the vertical displacement in red.
","videoId":"fOhgIvxTbjs","thumb":"/media/4208/page8-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4208/page8-background.jpg","style":{"width":"190px","background-color":"rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75)","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"},"icon":"/media/4220/timeline2c.jpg","iconStyle":{"width":"127px"}},{"type":"video","title":"Tsunami Propagation","text":"The earthquake caused destructive tsunami waves, which hit the nearby Japanese coast. The waves also spread across the Pacific Ocean and even into the Indian Ocean. As the tsunami travelled away from Japan, the waves met a variety of ocean features, which guided the tsunami and shaped its movement. This video shows how the waves moved and how far the tsunami travelled.
","videoId":"lJA8EWisj4M","thumb":"/media/4210/page10-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4210/page10-background.jpg","style":{"width":"350px","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"},"pStyle":{"width":"250px"},"icon":"/media/4222/timeline2e.jpg","iconStyle":{"width":"158px"}},{"type":"image","title":"Wave Height","text":"This map shows the forecast tsunami wave height and direction in the open ocean. The tsunami waves were at their highest just offshore from the coast of Japan. As the tsunami propagated in a south-easterly direction into the Pacific Ocean, the wave height decreased. Wave heights in the open ocean are relatively small (e.g. 20-40 cm) and do not always reflect what happens when a tsunami reaches the shore. Wave height can vary greatly depending on the shape of the coastline and the characteristics of the sea floor that the waves encounter.
","thumb":"/media/4212/page12-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4212/page12-background.jpg","style":{"width":"200px","color":"rgba(72, 72, 74, 1)"},"icon":"/media/4224/timeline2g.jpg","iconStyle":{"width":"119px"}},{"type":"video","title":"Tsunami Impact","text":"The tsunami created severe destruction in eastern Honshu, the largest Japanese island. Some towns were engulfed by water and swept away, and at least 15,883 lives were lost. The Japanese National Police Agency reported damage to hundreds of roads and bridges, and at least 399,195 buildings. In some areas the tsunami waves reached almost 8 km inland.
","videoId":"0Wzy3fAK-24","thumb":"/media/4214/page14-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4214/page14-background.jpg","style":{"width":"250px","color":"rgba(72, 72, 74, 1)"},"icon":"/media/4226/timeline2i.jpg","iconStyle":{"width":"182px"}},{"type":"video","title":"Marine Debris","text":"As the tsunami receded into the ocean, it took parts of buildings, cars and boats with it. In the days after the tsunami, large masses of floating debris could be seen off Japan. Some of the debris travelled as far as North America and some items washed up in the Hawaiian Islands two years later.
","videoId":"iz7AQNwQOz8","thumb":"/media/4216/page16-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4216/page16-background.jpg","style":{"width":"210px","background-color":"rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75)","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"},"icon":"/media/4198/timeline2j.jpg","iconStyle":{"width":"128px"}}],"bottom":[{"type":"image","title":"Measuring the Earthquake","text":"The earthquake that triggered the tsunami was determined to be M9.0. Seismometers around the world captured the earthquake's vibrations, as this image shows. It was the most powerful earthquake recorded in Japanese history.
","thumb":"/media/4207/page7-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4207/page7-background.jpg","style":{"width":"215px","background-color":"rgba(72, 72, 74, 1)","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"},"icon":"/media/4219/timeline2b.jpg","iconStyle":{"width":"120px"}},{"type":"video","title":"Warning System","text":"Japan has one of the most sophisticated earthquake and tsunami warning systems in the world. The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) issues the warnings and sends alerts to the media and the public in Japan. Earthquake warnings were generated about 23 seconds after the earthquake and the first tsunami warnings came 3 minutes after the quake. There was damage to some communication systems, which made it difficult for the public to access updated warnings.
","videoId":"m4c-loy_muw","thumb":"/media/4209/page9-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4209/page9-background.jpg","style":{"width":"190px","background-color":"rgba(72, 72, 74, 1)","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"},"icon":"/media/4221/timeline2d.jpg","iconStyle":{"width":"172px"}},{"type":"image","title":"Measuring the Waves","text":"Coastal sea level monitoring stations recorded the wave amplitude (height above or below sea level) at many locations around the Japanese coast. These readings show that wave heights varied across Japan. The waves reached almost 2.5 m high at Shimokita Peninsula on the north-eastern tip of Honshu, but the waves barely registered at all at Fukaura in Honshu's north-west.
","thumb":"/media/4211/page11-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4211/page11-background.jpg","style":{"width":"190px","background-color":"rgba(72, 72, 74, 1)","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"},"icon":"/media/4223/timeline2f.jpg","iconStyle":{"width":"178px"}},{"type":"image","title":"Tsunami Travel Time","text":"The first tsunami waves struck the Japanese coast about 20 minutes after the earthquake. Around 8 hours later, the tsunami arrived in the Hawaiian Islands. In about 12 hours, the waves reached New Zealand and the Indian Ocean. Within 22 hours the entire Pacific Ocean had been affected.
","thumb":"/media/4213/page13-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4213/page13-background.jpg","style":{"width":"190px","background-color":"rgba(72, 72, 74, 1)","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"},"icon":"/media/4225/timeline2h.jpg","iconStyle":{"width":"172px"}},{"type":"video","title":"Eyewitness Account","text":"Following the tsunami, the Japanese Government requested assistance from other nations to help with the recovery operation. Fire and Rescue NSW Assistant Commissioner, Rob McNeil, led the Australian Task Force to assist with search and rescue in Japan. In this video, Rob McNeil gives an account of that mission and the lessons they learnt.
","videoId":"7jyiSYbzHrE","thumb":"/media/4215/page15-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4215/page15-background.jpg","style":{"width":"190px","background-color":"rgba(72, 72, 74, 1)","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"},"icon":"/media/4199/timeline2k.jpg","iconStyle":{"width":"223px"}}]}},{"type":"video","title":"Land Threat Tsunami Warning","text":"If there is a land threat tsunami warning, go to higher ground, at least 10 m above sea level, or, if possible, move at least 1 km inland away from coastal areas.
\r\nIf you cannot leave the area, take shelter in the upper storey of a sturdy brick or concrete multi-storey building.
\r\nBoats in harbours should return to shore. Secure your boat and move away from the waterfront. Boats at sea should stay offshore in deep water.
\r\nOnce you're in a safer location, monitor the radio, TV or internet until you receive official advice that it is safe to return.
","videoId":"UlaLKAHnaYU","thumb":"/media/4217/page17-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4217/page17-background.jpg","style":{"width":"270px","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"}},{"type":"credits","title":"Credits","text":null,"thumb":"/media/4201/credits_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4201/credits.jpg"}]},{"id":"6","title":"Preparing for Tsunami","subtitle":"CHAPTER SIX","pages":[{"type":"title","title":"Preparing for Tsunami","text":null,"thumb":"/media/4232/title-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4232/title-background.jpg"},{"type":"video","title":"Be Prepared","text":"A tsunami can strike at any time, and you may have little time to respond. To be prepared for a tsunami you should be aware of what you might experience before a tsunami hits, have an emergency kit and have a tsunami action plan
","videoId":"QASawIxCwC4","thumb":"/media/4234/page2-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4234/page2-background.jpg","style":{"width":"190px","background-color":"rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75)","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"}},{"type":"image","title":"Emergency Contacts","text":"","thumb":"/media/4235/page3-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4235/page3-background.jpg","style":{"width":"500px","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"}},{"type":"video","title":"Tsunami Signs","text":"FEEL If you're near the shore and you feel the ground shake, a tsunami may have been caused by a nearby earthquake.
\r\nSEE If you see the ocean water draw back from a beach, bay or river, a tsunami may be on its way. The water may not always recede, so don't rely on it as the only sign of a tsunami.
\r\nHEAR If you hear a loud roaring sound or see a wave coming, a tsunami may be on its way.
\r\nIf you feel, see or hear the signs of tsunami, move away from the water and go to higher ground. Don't wait for a warning, it may not come in time.
","videoId":"3zdhTbY0kPE","thumb":"/media/4236/page4-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4236/page4-background.jpg","style":{"width":"190px","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"}},{"type":"image","title":"Warning Levels","text":"NO THREAT: An undersea earthquake has been detected but it has not generated a tsunami or it poses no threat.
\r\nWATCH: A tsunami may exist, watch for updates.
\r\nMARINE WARNING: Warning of potentially dangerous waves, strong ocean currents and the possibility of localised overflow onto the immediate foreshore.
\r\nLAND WARNING: Warning for low-lying coastal areas of major land inundation, flooding, dangerous waves and strong ocean currents.
\r\nCANCELLATION: The tsunami threat is over.
","thumb":"/media/4237/page5-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4237/page5-background.jpg","style":{"width":"240px","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"}},{"type":"image","title":"No Threat or Watch","text":"NO THREAT: If you see this message, there is no threat of a tsunami. You can remain at or return to the coast.
\r\nWATCH: If you see this message, a tsunami may be coming. Monitor the radio, TV or internet for updates. Return to the coast only when you receive official advice that the watch has been cancelled.
","thumb":"/media/4238/page6-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4238/page6-background.jpg","style":{"width":"240px","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"}},{"type":"video","title":"Marine Threat Tsunami Warning","text":"If there is a marine threat tsunami warning, get out of the water immediately and move away from the water's edge. The dangerous rips and currents could drag you out to sea.
\r\nBoats in harbours should return to shore. Secure your boat and move away from the waterfront. Boats at sea should stay offshore in deep water.
\r\nOnce you're in a safer location, monitor the radio, TV or internet for information. Don't return to the water until you receive official advice that it is safe to do so.
","videoId":"ZKqqPhqCMRE","thumb":"/media/4239/page7-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4239/page7-background.jpg","style":{"width":"260px","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"},"pStyle":{"width":"230px"}},{"type":"video","title":"Land Threat Tsunami Warning","text":"If there is a land threat tsunami warning, go to higher ground, at least 10 m above sea level, or, if possible, move at least 1 km inland away from coastal areas.
\r\nIf you cannot leave the area, take shelter in the upper storey of a sturdy brick or concrete multi-storey building.
\r\nOnce you're in a safer location, monitor the radio, TV or internet until you receive official advice that it is safe to return.
","videoId":"S3XCsMLL-kk","thumb":"/media/4240/page8-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4240/page8-background.jpg","style":{"width":"260px","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"},"pStyle":{"width":"250px"}},{"type":"video","title":"Be Alert, Act Quickly","text":"If you feel the ground move, see the water draw back or hear a loud rumbling noise, a tsunami may be on its way. The water may not recede before the tsunami strikes so don't rely on the drawback as the only sign.
\r\nYou should listen for alerts and sirens but don't wait for them. Act quickly-it saves lives.
","videoId":"wxCp92liisw","thumb":"/media/4241/page9-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4241/page9-background.jpg","style":{"width":"320px","color":"rgba(72, 72, 74, 1)"},"pStyle":{"width":"240px"}},{"type":"video","title":"Lessons Save Lives","text":"During the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, 10-year-old Tilly Smith was in Thailand when she recognised the signs of a tsunami and warned the people around her. Tilly's quick thinking saved the lives of all the people on the beach that day.
","videoId":"Bpb2llQ17C0","thumb":"/media/4242/page10-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4242/page10-background.jpg","style":{"width":"190px","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"}},{"type":"video","title":"Travelling Overseas","text":"Some countries have sophisticated tsunami warning systems similar to Australia's, as well as sirens and clear tsunami evacuation signs. However, other regions don't have the capacity to deliver warnings. Don't wait for a warning message or siren, you may not get one in time. If you feel, see or hear the signs of tsunami, act quickly-it saves lives. Always check the Smart Traveller website: www.smarttraveller.gov.au before you travel abroad.
","videoId":"nSVl_mTlWjY","thumb":"/media/4243/page11-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4243/page11-background.jpg","style":{"width":"190px","background-color":"rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75)","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"}},{"type":"image","title":"Tsunami Case Study","text":"","thumb":"/media/4244/page12-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4244/page12-background.jpg","style":{"width":"500px","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"}},{"type":"timeline","title":"Anatomy of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami","text":null,"thumb":"/media/4245/page13-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4245/page13-background.jpg","slides":{"top":[{"type":"video","title":"Tsunami Generation","text":"The event that generated the tsunami was an undersea megathrust earthquake, where one plate slips under another plate causing the plates to move rapidly. The earthquake was unusually large. An estimated 1200 km of faultline slipped about 15 m along the subduction zone over a period of several minutes. This video shows the energy of the rupture of the earthquake for almost 10 minutes.
","videoId":"buQ2uqE7btA","thumb":"/media/4246/page14-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4246/page14-background.jpg","style":{"width":"190px","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"},"icon":"/media/4269/timeline1a.jpg","iconStyle":{"width":"122px"}},{"type":"video","title":"Tsunami Propagation","text":"The earthquake caused a destructive tsunami that devastated nearby Sumatra, Indonesia. The waves spread across the Indian Ocean, reaching as far as Somalia in eastern Africa, 5000 km from the epicentre. The impact of the tsunami was seen around the world, and sea level monitoring stations in places such as Brazil also recorded the effect of the tsunami. This video shows how the waves moved and how far the tsunami travelled.
","videoId":"HKR1GIX7-NA","thumb":"/media/4248/page16-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4248/page16-background.jpg","style":{"width":"500px","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"},"pStyle":{"width":"270px"},"icon":"/media/4271/timeline1c.jpg","iconStyle":{"width":"161px"}},{"type":"image","title":"Wave Height","text":"In the ocean, the tsunami waves reached heights of 2 m off Sumatra, Indonesia. As the tsunami travelled across the ocean, the wave height reduced. This map shows the height and direction of the tsunami waves in deep water. When they reach the shore, the relatively insignificant wave heights seen on this map could become much higher due to the effect known as shoaling. Wave height can vary greatly depending on the shape of the coastline and the characteristics of the sea floor that the waves encounter.
","thumb":"/media/4250/page18-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4250/page18-background.jpg","style":{"width":"190px","color":"rgba(72, 72, 74, 1)"},"icon":"/media/4273/timeline1e.jpg","iconStyle":{"width":"150px"}},{"type":"slideshow","title":"Tsunami Impact","text":null,"thumb":"/media/4252/page20-0_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4252/page20-0.jpg","slides":[{"type":"image","title":"Tsunami Impact","text":"The tsunami was the most deadly in history. At least 226,898 people died in the 13 Indian Ocean countries that were affected by the disaster. At least 1 million people were displaced by the earthquake and tsunami. The damage has been estimated at more than US$10 billion. This slide show highlights the devastation the mega tsunami caused in nearby Indonesia and countries further away such as Thailand.
","thumb":"/media/4252/page20-0_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4252/page20-0.jpg","style":{"width":"235px","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"}},{"type":"image","title":"","text":"","thumb":"/media/4253/page20-1_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4253/page20-1.jpg"},{"type":"image","title":"","text":"","thumb":"/media/4254/page20-2_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4254/page20-2.jpg"},{"type":"image","title":"","text":"","thumb":"/media/4255/page20-3_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4255/page20-3.jpg"},{"type":"image","title":"","text":"","thumb":"/media/4256/page20-4_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4256/page20-4.jpg"},{"type":"image","title":"","text":"","thumb":"/media/4257/page20-5_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4257/page20-5.jpg"},{"type":"image","title":"","text":"","thumb":"/media/4258/page20-6_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4258/page20-6.jpg"},{"type":"image","title":"","text":"","thumb":"/media/4259/page20-7_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4259/page20-7.jpg"}],"icon":"/media/4227/timeline1g.jpg","iconStyle":{"width":"135px"}},{"type":"slideshow","title":"The Best Worst Thing","text":null,"thumb":"/media/4263/page22-1_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4263/page22-1.jpg","slides":[{"type":"video","title":"The Best Worst Thing","text":"Matilda Heselev was six years old when she and her family escaped the tsunami waves that hit Sri Lanka in 2004. Following the disaster, her parents set up a charity to help with the recovery. Matilda has returned to Sri Lanka six times, assisting at medical clinics and giving toys and books to children at orphanages and hospitals. Matilda describes the tsunami as the best worst thing that ever happened to her. She says: 'It taught me lessons no teacher could have ... how rewarding it can be to help others.'
","videoId":"KYX3pEYuPwY","thumb":"/media/4263/page22-1_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4263/page22-1.jpg","style":{"width":"210px","background-color":"rgba(72, 72, 74, 1)","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"}}],"icon":"/media/5035/page22-1-timeline.jpg","iconStyle":{"width":"140px"}},{"type":"video","title":"Lessons Learnt","text":"We learnt that public education was critical to mitigating the impact of tsunami waves. There are several instances of people surviving the 2004 tsunami as a result of them recognising the signs and acting quickly to move people to higher ground.
\r\nImportantly, we learnt that a tsunami warning system could have helped to reduce the significant loss of life. Following the disaster, the Joint Australian Tsunami Warning Centre was established in 2008 and the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System in 2011.
","videoId":"jrKaH0jjAYs","thumb":"/media/4267/page24-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4267/page24-background.jpg","style":{"width":"190px","background-color":"rgba(72, 72, 74, 1)","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"},"icon":"/media/4231/timeline1k.jpg","iconStyle":{"width":"144px"}}],"bottom":[{"type":"image","title":"Measuring the Earthquake","text":"The eathquake was determined to be M9.1. Seismometers around the globe captured the earthquake's vibrations, as this image shows. It was the equal fourth largest earthquake in recorded history.
","thumb":"/media/4247/page15-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4247/page15-background.jpg","style":{"width":"215px","background-color":"rgba(72, 72, 74, 1)","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"},"icon":"/media/4270/timeline1b.jpg","iconStyle":{"width":"120px"}},{"type":"image","title":"Measuring the Waves","text":"Coastal sea level monitoring stations recorded the effects of the tsunami waves at many locations around the Australian coast, as seen here. These readings suggest the tsunami posed a marine threat to Australia, which was reflected by reports of damage to boats in Western Australia and 35 people being rescued from dangerous currents in Australia.
","thumb":"/media/4249/page17-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4249/page17-background.jpg","style":{"width":"190px","background-color":"rgba(72, 72, 74, 1)","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"},"icon":"/media/4272/timeline1d.jpg","iconStyle":{"width":"167px"}},{"type":"image","title":"Tsunami Travel Time","text":"In Sumatra, Indonesia, the area closest to the epicentre, the waves arrived 15 to 20 minutes after the quake. Sri Lanka and the east coast of India were hit around 2 hours later. Thailand was also struck about 2 hours later, despite being closer to the epicentre, because the tsunami travelled more slowly in the shallow Andaman Sea off its western coast. The tsunami reached Somalia in eastern Africa 7 hours after the earthquake.
","thumb":"/media/4251/page19-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4251/page19-background.jpg","style":{"width":"190px","background-color":"rgba(72, 72, 74, 1)","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"},"icon":"/media/4274/timeline1f.jpg","iconStyle":{"width":"194px"}},{"type":"video","title":"News Reports","text":"Due to the remoteness of the affected areas, it took some days for the full scale of the disaster to become apparent. News reports about the actual event and its aftermath, particularly the search for missing people, continued for weeks.
","videoId":"dcuPLLRa6iU","thumb":"/media/4261/page21-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4261/page21-background.jpg","style":{"width":"190px","background-color":"rgba(72, 72, 74, 1)","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"},"icon":"/media/4228/timeline1h.jpg","iconStyle":{"width":"181px"}},{"type":"video","title":"Tsunami Recovery","text":"Rebuilding communities and infrastructure following the tsunami was a massive task costing millions of dollars. Many governments provided aid and assistance to the affected countries and various non-government organisations (NGOs) set up reconstruction programs. While communities were being rebuilt, teachers and parents observed that many children were not dealing with the disaster. This video shows how one NGO in Thailand developed a program which challenged young people through high-ropes activities, team building and skills development.
","videoId":"JyKhOD9mFig","thumb":"/media/4266/page23-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4266/page23-background.jpg","style":{"width":"200px","background-color":"rgba(72, 72, 74, 1)","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"},"icon":"/media/4230/timeline1j.jpg","iconStyle":{"width":"190px"}}]}},{"type":"video","title":"Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System","text":"Out of the disaster of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami came good will and international collaboration. In 2005, the USA and Japan set up an Interim Advisory Service for the Indian Ocean. Meanwhile, the 28 countries surrounding the Indian Ocean worked together with the United Nations' Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) to build the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System.
","videoId":"UD6Iw0jDfYE","thumb":"/media/4268/page25-background_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4268/page25-background.jpg","style":{"width":"400px","color":"rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)"},"pStyle":{"width":"250px"}},{"type":"credits","title":"Credits","text":null,"thumb":"/media/4233/credits_slideThumb.jpg","url":"/media/4233/credits.jpg"}]}]}